LaminaroFlow result
Pressure drop 1 160 Pa at 3.15 l/s
Hot and cold water mixing in a tee.ipt: internal flow, 2 inlets → 1 outlet, Water (20 °C) · outlet 32.09 °C
Converged · good enough for engineering useStandard mesh
Pressure drop (total)
1 160Pa
±0.22 %
Flow rate
3.15l/s
11.4 m³/h
Loss coefficient K
1.79
±0.22 % · Δp ÷ ½ρv², v = mean inlet velocity
Outlet temperature
32.1°C
SettledGood enough for engineering use. The pressure drop is steady within ±0.2 %, the flow through inlet 1 within under ±0.1 %, the flow through inlet 2 within under ±0.1 % (last 200 iterations); mass balance 0.00 %. The remaining unsettledness is mostly next to the walls.
Results in detail
| Total-pressure drop, inlet → outlet | 1 160 Pa |
| Static-pressure drop, inlet → outlet | 1 730 Pa |
| Flow rate | 3.15 l/s (11.4 m³/h) |
| Loss coefficient K = Δp ÷ ½ρv² | 1.79 |
Flow per opening
| Opening | Role | Flow [l/s] | Share of outflow [%] | Total pressure [Pa] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inlet 1 (at x -300, y 0, z 0 mm) | inlet | 1.96 | 2 250 | |
| Inlet 2 (at x 0, y 250, z 0 mm) | inlet | 1.2 | 2 830 | |
| Outlet (at x 600, y 0, z 0 mm) | outlet | 3.15 | 100 | 1 310 |
Pressure drop per path
| Path | Total [Pa] | Static [Pa] |
|---|---|---|
| Inlet 1 (at x -300, y 0, z 0 mm) → Outlet (at x 600, y 0, z 0 mm) | 937 | 1 750 |
| Inlet 2 (at x 0, y 250, z 0 mm) → Outlet (at x 600, y 0, z 0 mm) | 1 520 | 1 710 |
What this result rests on
- One mesh only: mesh independence was not checked.
- Steady RANS (k-ω SST): mean values. Vortex shedding, peaks and fluctuating loads are not resolved.
- Stopped at iteration 387: the pressure drop is steady within ±0.2 % over 200 iterations; the residuals levelled off at about 2 × 10⁻², so parts of the flow keep moving (likely unsteady regions): fine for the pressure drop, not for the detailed flow pattern.
Pictures
Convergence
| Iterations | 389 of 1 500 planned |
| Movement of the pressure drop | ±0.22 % over the last 200 iterations |
| Mass balance (in vs out) | below 0.01 % |
| Final residuals | pressure 0.00765 · velocity 0.0149 |
Residuals measure how far the solver's equations are from being exactly satisfied in each cell; they shrink as the solution settles. Here they levelled off at about 1 × 10⁻² instead of below the usual 10⁻⁴, so the flow field may still change a little. The key result moved by ±0.2 % over the last 200 iterations, so it is settled.
Set-up
| Part | Hot and cold water mixing in a tee.ipt |
| Study | Example · Hot and cold water mixing in a tee |
| Run | 2 |
| Where the fluid is | Inside the part (modelled fluid body) |
| Fluid | Water (20 °C) · ρ 998.2 kg/m³ · ν 1.00 × 10⁻⁶ m²/s |
| Inlet | 1.15 m/s |
| Time behaviour | Steady (mean values) |
| Turbulence | k-ω SST (automatic: Re ≈ 5·10⁴: turbulent) |
| Mesh | Standard · 530 854 cells |
| Run time | 17 min on FIONIA_BORDPC |
| Laminaro | Laminaro add-in v0.47.0 |
| Design | Hot and cold water mixing in a tee.ipt as saved 2026-10-29 10:41 UTC; a copy is kept with this run (design.ipt) |
Notes
- Mesh 530854 cells; values = mean of the last 10 % of 389 iterations.
- Δp = flow-weighted total pressure of the inlets minus that of the outlets; per path: area-averaged inlet minus outlet. K with the mean inlet velocity; Re = 5.68 × 10⁴ (hydraulic diameter 0.05 m, first inlet).
Every number on this page comes from this run's own files (summary.json, the solver's histories); none is typed in by hand or written by AI. The raw data is in the data folder. Print this page (A4) for a hand-out.
Run folder: C:\Users\niels\Dropbox\Brain Vault\Brain\Projects\Laminaro\jobs\Hot and cold water mixing in a tee · Example · Hot and cold water mixing in a tee · run 2 2026-10-29 1141\results
Run folder: C:\Users\niels\Dropbox\Brain Vault\Brain\Projects\Laminaro\jobs\Hot and cold water mixing in a tee · Example · Hot and cold water mixing in a tee · run 2 2026-10-29 1141\results